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How To Understand Difference Between Mandatory vs Discretionary Spending?
11/1/2023
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8 minutes read

How To Understand Difference Between Mandatory vs Discretionary Spending?

How To Understand Difference Between Mandatory vs Discretionary Spending?

Government budgeting is a complex process that can be difficult for the average person to understand. Simply put, there are two main types of federal spending: mandatory spending programs and discretionary programs. Mandatory spending, also known as direct spending, is determined by pre-determined laws or tax legislation and cannot be changed without an act of Congress, unlike discretionary appropriations which are more flexible. Discretionary spending, on the other hand, is set by Congress and can be adjusted annually through the budget process.

Understanding the difference between mandatory vs discretionary spending is crucial for anyone who wants to comprehend how the federal government allocates resources and makes fiscal decisions. This article will break down both types of spending, provide examples, and explain their impact on the federal budget.

What is Mandatory Spending?

Mandatory spending–simply put–is federal spending that is required by law. This could include programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. Taxes funded these programs, which are not subject to the annual budget process. These programs are called "mandatory" because they are required by law, and Congress cannot change the requirements without passing or legislating a new law to amend it.

This type of spending makes up most of the federal budget, accounting for approximately 60-70% of total government expenditures. The spending levels are determined by eligibility rules and benefit formulas established in the underlying laws, rather than by annual appropriations decisions.

Mandatory spending programs typically provide benefits to individuals who meet specific criteria, such as age, income level, or disability status. Once someone qualifies for these programs, the government is legally obligated to provide the benefits, regardless of the current fiscal situation or political climate.

What is Discretionary Spending?

Discretionary spending is government spending that is approved by Congress as part of the annual budget process. This could include things such as defense spending, education, subsidies for small and local businesses, and infrastructure. Discretionary spending is funded by government borrowing or tax revenue.

Discretionary programs are not mandated by law and Congress has the freedom to decide how much money to allocate to these programs each year. This flexibility can be both beneficial and problematic. On one hand, it allows Congress to respond to changing needs and priorities.

On the other hand, it can lead to wasteful spending and pork-barrel politics. Ultimately, it is up to Congress to decide how much money to allocate to discretionary spending each year through the appropriations bill process, sometimes requiring supplemental appropriations for unforeseen needs.

Examples of Mandatory Spending

The most notable example of a mandatory spending program is Social Security. Social Security is a social insurance program that provides benefits to retired workers, their spouses, and their children. Benefits are based on a worker's earnings history, which can easily be seen in W-2 forms that can easily be generated online.

Other examples of mandatory spending include Medicare and Medicaid, which are health insurance programs for seniors and low-income individuals, respectively. These programs are funded by payroll taxes and are considered entitlements because eligible individuals have a legal right to receive benefits.

Additional mandatory spending programs include:

  • Unemployment insurance
  • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
  • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
  • Interest payments on the national debt
  • Veterans' disability compensation
  • Federal employee retirement benefits

Examples of Discretionary Spending

There are a number of important programs that are funded by discretionary government spending. One of the most important is defense. The Department of Defense is the largest single discretionary spender, and it accounts for more than half of all discretionary spending from the federal government.

Other important programs that are funded by discretionary government spending include infrastructure, education, and scientific research. These programs are important for the country's long-term economic growth and competitiveness.

Key examples of discretionary spending include:

  • National defense and military operations
  • Education programs and student aid
  • Transportation and infrastructure projects
  • National parks and environmental protection
  • Scientific research and space exploration
  • Foreign aid and international programs
  • Federal law enforcement agencies
  • Health research through the National Institutes of Health

Key Differences Between Mandatory and Discretionary Spending

Here are some of the differences in detail:

Basis of Allocation:

  • Mandatory Spending: Determined by existing laws and regulations; cannot be altered without legislative action.
  • Discretionary Spending: Decided annually by Congress during the budget process; subject to change based on current priorities and available funds.

Examples of Programs:

  • Mandatory Spending: Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, interest on the national debt.
  • Discretionary Spending: Defense, education, infrastructure, scientific research.

Flexibility:

  • Mandatory Spending: Fixed and less flexible; requires significant legislative effort to adjust.
  • Discretionary Spending: More flexible; can be adjusted more easily through annual budget negotiations.

Impact on Federal Budget:

  • Mandatory Spending: Makes up the majority of federal spending and continues to grow automatically unless laws are changed.
  • Discretionary Spending: Subject to annual caps and can be reduced or increased based on congressional priorities and fiscal constraints.

Political Considerations:

  • Mandatory Spending: Often politically difficult to change due to the direct impact on beneficiaries and the requirement for new legislation.
  • Discretionary Spending: More subject to political negotiations and can reflect changing administrations' priorities.

Why Understanding This Difference Matters

Understanding the distinction between mandatory and discretionary spending is essential for several reasons:

  1. Budget Planning: It helps explain why certain government programs seem immune to budget cuts while others face annual scrutiny.

  2. Political Dynamics: It clarifies why some spending decisions require legislative changes while others can be made through the annual appropriations process.

  3. Fiscal Policy: It provides insight into the government's ability to respond to economic crises and changing priorities.

  4. Long-term Sustainability: It helps explain the challenges facing the federal budget as mandatory spending programs continue to grow.

Conclusion

The difference between mandatory and discretionary spending is fundamental to understanding how the federal government operates and allocates resources. While mandatory spending provides stability and guaranteed benefits for programs like Social Security and Medicare, discretionary spending allows for flexibility and responsiveness to changing national priorities.

However, it is essential to understand the difference between the two in order to better understand how the government operates. Once you know that, it becomes much easier to figure out why some categories and projects receive more funds. There will always be a discrepancy between mandatory vs discretionary spending, and that's by design.

It can still feel challenging, but at the end of the day you always see differences in how the federal government spends money based on what society needs right now, what's required by law, and what Congress chooses to prioritize through the annual budget process.

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